Evidence: Well-supported that these crystals are studied in the same labs and programmes (Flagship mandate included “related layered materials”: 2013).
- hBN — insulating honeycomb; the preferred encapsulant / substrate for clean graphene transport (2010 Dean).
- TMDCs (MoS₂, WS₂, …) — many have a band gap; different electronics than graphene.
- Phosphorene, silicene, MXenes, etc. — separate literatures. Mention when a source actually uses them; do not absorb them into “graphene news.”
Twisted stacks and heterostructures are how these combine (2012, 2018).