Health by form and route

Not medical advice. Pair with [[topics/health/effects]] and [[reference/safety]].

Dry GNP / nanoplatelet powder — workplace air

• Primary: NIOSH field work in US graphene plants. Respirable elemental carbon from below 0.01 µg/m³ to about 1,825 µg/m³. Conservative evaluation band often cited near <10 µg/m³ (not an OSHA PEL). Many dry-powder samples sat above that band.
• Label: Well-supported as hygiene measurements. Not a human disease study.
• [[topics/policy/2026-09-16-niosh-graphene-exposure]]

Thin purified GO aerosol — short controlled human inhalation

• Primary: Andrews JPM et al. Nat. Nanotechnol. 19, 705–714 (2024). doi:10.1038/s41565-023-01572-3. NCT03659864.
• What they did: 14 young healthy volunteers; double-blind randomized visits; small and ultrasmall GO vs filtered air; 200 µg/m³ for 2 h.
• What they reported: exposure tolerated; heart rate, blood pressure, lung function, inflammatory markers not changed by size in that window; mild signal in an ex vivo thrombus model; authors: no overt acute cardiorespiratory harm in this design.
• Label: Preliminary human, one acute protocol. Not chronic shop air. Not GNP powder.

GrapheneBlack-class powder — guideline tox package (not a volunteer trial)

• Primary trail: company-commissioned package on GrapheneBlack 3X summarized in open literature (e.g. 2020 crystals paper discussing Charles River work): dermal, acute inhalation, genotox endpoints with no adverse finding at the doses they ran; inhalation NOAEL language at the maximum achieved aerosol they could generate.
• Label: Preliminary product-specific animal/in vitro package. Not NIOSH field air. Not Andrews GO.

GO / rGO — rodent lung, high dose

• Primary pile: Graphene Flagship toxicology stream, collected in Fadeel et al. ACS Nano 12, 10582–10620 (2018) and the 2025 Flagship lessons paper Fadeel et al. Small 21, 2404570 (2025), PMC11840464.
• Flagship takeaway they print: GBMs are not one material; they did not find “excessive or alarming” toxicity in the tested set; realistic life-cycle exposure still thin.
• Older high-dose rodent lung papers still show inflammation and, in some protocols, fibrotic trend — size, metals, oxidation decide which paper you are holding.
• Label: Preliminary / mixed animal. Cite the specific paper, not “graphene.”

Skin

• Flagship / banding reviews: limited uptake for the thin GO sheets they tested; macrophages can internalize thin GO without the “blade cutting the cell” slogan holding up in later Flagship work (Fadeel 2025 discussion of earlier membrane-piercing citations).
• GrapheneBlack 3X dermal package: no adverse finding at tested doses (company-commissioned trail above).
• Label: Preliminary. Gloves in a powder shop are still hygiene, not a fashion choice.

Swallowed or IV “GO medicine”

• No Phase I/II therapeutic of raw GO as a licensed drug in 2026-era reviews we log.
• Label: Well-supported as a negative for the slogan. Delivery-vehicle papers are a different object — name the construct.

rGO / graphene film on an electrode — intraoperative cortex

• Registry: NCT06368310. INBRAIN Graphene Cortical Interface during tumor resection. Manchester / Northern Care Alliance. Actual start 6 Aug 2024.
• Interim company/meeting trail (first 4 patients): no device-related adverse events in that set; high-gamma / phoneme-linked activity claimed during awake mapping. Meeting abstract: Coope et al., SURG-92 style interim.
• Label: Preliminary device. Not powder toxicology. [[topics/health/biomedical-catalogue]]

Composite in a tire, paint, or shirt

• Not evidence of monolayer in blood.
• Label: Category error if used that way. [[logs/unsourced]]

Licensed vaccine ingredient lists

• Do not include GO.
• Label: Well-supported as a negative. Plot versions: [[logs/conspiracies]] · [[topics/fringe/2026-09-16-go-vaccine-5g-claims]]

Still empty on purpose

Chronic low-dose human inhalation of shop powder. Occupational disease clusters. Gut and IV fate by exact commercial grade. Those are gaps.