Standards and quality

Evidence: Well-supported that ISO/IEC vocabulary and related technical specs exist. They do not certify a random SKU.

Why this page exists

After ~2014, “graphene” on an invoice could mean almost any of [[reference/forms]]. Purchasing fights are about layer number, lateral size, oxygen content, metal residue, and surface area — not Dirac cones.

Documented landmarks

• ISO/TS 80004-13:2017 — vocabulary for graphene and related two-dimensional carbons ([[timeline/2017]]). Its value is admitting multiple materials.
• National measurement labs (NPL and peers) publish characterization good-practice notes (Raman, XPS, AFM, TGA). Use the lab document, not a tweet summarizing it.
• Flagship and national projects spent years on protocols; protocols ≠ enforcement.

Practical reader checklist

1. Which form?
2. Layer distribution, not a single magic number.
3. Oxygen / defect metric (XPS, Raman D/G).
4. Metals and residual solvent.
5. Dry powder vs masterbatch ([[topics/policy/2026-09-16-niosh-graphene-exposure]]).

If a vendor will not answer those, the archive can still list the press release — under Preliminary or Unverified.