Glossary

Parent: [[guides/index|Look up]]. Labels: [[guides/evidence-labels]]. ISO wording: [[reference/iso-vocabulary]].

How to read an entry: headword; what it is; see also near-terms; here for the page that uses it.

A

ABC trilayer n. Three graphene sheets stacked rhombohedrally (A-B-C). Not magic-angle bilayer. See also MATBG; moiré. Here [[timeline/2019]].

AIM n. London Stock Exchange junior market. See also ASX; NEEQ; TSX. Here [[topics/finance/listings]].

anomalous Hall crystal n. Electronic crystal with a topological Hall response; 2025 twisted-stack report. See also moiré. Here [[timeline/2025]].

ASX n. Australian Securities Exchange. See also AIM. Here [[topics/finance/listings]].

B

band (exposure) n. A hygiene working range, not an OSHA PEL. On this site the cited figure is often 10 µg/m³. See also PEL; NIOSH. Here [[topics/health/effects]].

Boehm n. Hanns-Peter Boehm; 1962 reduced-oxide monolayer work; later naming. See also Brodie; graphene. Here [[timeline/1962]].

Brodie n. 1859 oxidation of graphite; ancestor of GO recipes. See also GO; graphite oxide. Here [[timeline/before-1900]].

Brillouin zone n. The reciprocal-space cell of a crystal. Graphene Dirac points sit at its K, K′ corners. See also Dirac point. Here [[timeline/1947]].

C

Campra report n. Unofficial 2021 micro-Raman note by Pablo Campra Madrid on a courier vial he said was untraced. University of Almería did not endorse it. Not a peer-reviewed finding of GO in authorized COVID-19 vaccines. See also La Quinta Columna; GO; Fringe. Here [[topics/fringe/2026-09-16-go-vaccine-5g-claims]].

chemtrail GO claim n. Recurring claim that persistent aircraft trails are graphene-oxide sprays, often tied to a vaccine fill and 5G/6G activation. Posts on 7–9 Oct 2026 added no lot assay or altitude sample. See also Campra report; La Quinta Columna; Fringe; GO. Here [[topics/fringe/2026-09-16-go-vaccine-5g-claims]].

clasping folds n. Interlayer mechanical buckle or fold-lock structure in multilayer graphene oxide films. Wang, Liao, Gao et al., Nature 2026: surface-folded multilayer GO flakes assemble into clasping films with reported 2.9 GPa strength, 84.5 MJ m⁻³ toughness, 5% elastic strain. Breaks flat-stack strength-toughness trade-off. See also GO; graphene. Here [[posts/clasping-folds-graphene-films-2026]].

Curved Graphene n. Skeleton Technologies proprietary carbon material described as crumpled or curved sheets rather than flat monolayers. Used as the active material in their supercapacitors; claimed higher energy density versus conventional activated carbon via increased surface area and tunable pore structure. Produced at Skeleton Materials, Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Germany. Not an ISO term for monolayer graphene. See also GNP; supercapacitor.

CVD n. Chemical vapor deposition. Commonly carbon on copper, then transfer. See also R2R CVD; SiC epitaxy; LPE. Here [[topics/manufacturing/graphenea]].

CSD (cortical spreading depolarization) n. Slow, near-complete depolarization wave across cortex. Flaherty et al., Brain 2026, used graphene transistor arrays to tie waveform shape to perfusion in mouse stroke models. Not a treatment. See also gSGFET; INBRAIN. Here [[posts/gsgfet-stroke-csd-2026]].

D

Dirac point n. Where graphene’s conduction and valence bands touch in a linear cone. See also Brillouin zone; monolayer. Here [[timeline/1947]].

E

eCOphite n. COnovate product: graphene monoxide as an anode additive. Not GO. See also GO; rGO. Here [[topics/manufacturing/conovate]].

entitlement n. A pro-rata share issue. See also SPP. Here [[topics/finance/raises-2015-2025]].

evidence label n. Confidence tag on a claim: Well-supported, Preliminary, Unverified, Fringe. Folder is for browsing; the label is for confidence. See also Fringe; Unverified. Here [[guides/evidence-labels]].

F

f_T n. FET current-gain cut-off frequency. IBM 100 GHz (2010) and 155 GHz (2011) are f_T figures, not phone chips. See also FET Flagship. Here [[timeline/2011]].

FET Flagship n. EU research programme; Graphene named 28 Jan 2013. Here [[timeline/2013]].

few-layer graphene (FLG) n. A few atomic sheets, often about 2–10. See also GNP; monolayer; GR2M. Here [[reference/iso-vocabulary]].

Fractal Graphene Paste n. HydroGraph aqueous dispersion mark, stated at 20 wt% graphene, flowable, shelf life claimed above two years. Company product language, Oct 2026. See also masterbatch; GNP.

Fringe n. A plot-style narrative logged so it does not sit on Science or Medical as fact. See also Unverified. Antonym-ish Well-supported. Here [[topics/fringe]].

G

G+ n. Directa Plus nanoplatelet family (powders, pastes, membranes, GRAFYSORBER). See also GNP; PureGRAPH; GrapheneBlack. Here [[topics/industry/directa-gplus]].

gate-induced layer sliding n. Voltage-driven sliding of graphene layers that switches stacking (Bernal-dominant to rhombohedral-Bernal mixed) and nonvolatily toggles magnetism. Brandon, Yasuda et al., Nature Nanotechnology 14 Oct 2026. Related to slidetronics. See also rhombohedral stacking; Bernal stacking.

GNP (graphene nanoplatelet) n. A thicker stack sold as “graphene.” See also FLG; monolayer; GR2M.

GO (graphene oxide) n. Oxidized sheets from graphite oxide. Not a 2004 peeled flake. See also rGO; graphite oxide; Brodie. Here [[topics/health/form-route]].

GO laminate n. Stacked GO that can be helium-tight and water-fast (Nair 2012; Abraham 2017). See also GO. Here [[timeline/2012]].

GR2M n. Graphene-related 2D material; ISO/TS 80004-13:2024 umbrella term. See also graphene; GNP; GO. Here [[reference/iso-vocabulary]].

graphene n. One-atom honeycomb carbon. Name mid-1980s; isolation-and-gate 2004. See also GR2M; graphite; monolayer. Here [[timeline/2004]].

graphene hydroxide n. Not an ISO term. Label used in 2021 videos after the GO-in-vial claim. Not on authorized COVID-19 vaccine ingredient lists. See also GO; Campra report; Fringe. Here [[topics/fringe/2026-09-16-go-vaccine-5g-claims]].

gSGFET n. Graphene solution-gated field-effect transistor. Electrolyte is the gate; channel current reports local potential, including infraslow. CVD graphene on polyimide in the IMB-CNM / ICN2 stack. Not GO. See also CVD; INBRAIN; CSD. Here [[posts/gsgfet-stroke-csd-2026]].

GrapheneBlack n. NanoXplore powder mark. See also PureGRAPH; G+. Here [[topics/manufacturing/nanoxplore-saint-laurent]].

graphite n. The 3D parent crystal. See also graphene; graphite oxide.

graphite oxide n. Bulk oxidized graphite; parent of GO after exfoliation. See also Brodie; GO.

H

hBN n. Hexagonal boron nitride. Used to encapsulate graphene (Dean 2010) and as a tunnel barrier (Britnell 2012). See also TMDC. Here [[timeline/2010]].

holey graphene n. A sheet with engineered holes. See also graphene. Here [[posts/holey-graphene-molecular-stencil]].

I

INBRAIN n. Graphene cortical interface programme; trial NCT06368310. See also Bio-mechanical. Here [[topics/medical/biomechanical]].

ISO/TS 21356-1:2021 n. Structural characterization of graphene from powders and dispersions.

ISO/TS 80004-13 n. Vocabulary. 2017 first edition; 2024 second (GR2M). See also GR2M. Here [[timeline/2024]].

J

JustHeat n. Haydale printed graphene-ink underfloor panel. Install guide: 600 × 530 mm, 62 W at 48 V. See also SETTF; R2R CVD. Here [[topics/industry/justheat]].

K

K-sputtering n. KERI direct-current sputter process reported 27 Sep 2026. Grows aligned graphene through multilayer graphite on a substrate at room temperature, without a transfer heat step. Institute release; not an ISO term. See also CVD; LPE.

L

La Quinta Columna n. Spanish site that commissioned the 2021 Campra courier-vial note. Distribution node for the GO-in-vaccine plot, not a metrology lab. See also Campra report; Fringe. Here [[topics/fringe/2026-09-16-go-vaccine-5g-claims]].

Landau-Zener-Majorana transition (LZM) n. Non-adiabatic tunneling of electrons across an energy gap under a rapidly changing electric field. Eggers et al., Nature 2026: subcycle videography in graphene shows tunneling probabilities up to ~100 %. See also Dirac point; graphene. Here [[posts/quantum-orbital-flexoelectricity-graphene-2026]].

LOOP n. Levidian microwave-plasma unit that splits methane into solid carbon (sold as graphene) and a hydrogen-rich gas. Catalyst-free and water-free on the company description. Sizes named LOOP 20, 60, 100. Not a plasma torch. See also CVD; Sharjah Graphene Park.

LPE n. Liquid-phase exfoliation. See also CVD; mechanical cleavage.

LSG n. Large-area suspended graphene. Few-nanometer free-standing film used as a laser-ion target (Osaka, PTEP, 2 Oct 2026). Proton surfing is the team’s name for the long ride on the moving field. See also graphene; monolayer.

M

magic angle n. Twist (~1.1° in bilayer) where flat bands appear (Cao 2018). See also MATBG; twistronics; moiré. Here [[timeline/2018]].

Manchester graphene n. Concretene’s planned circular programme using local wastewater biogas (United Utilities) as feedstock to produce carbon-negative graphene at multi-tonne scale in Manchester for concrete admixtures. Company language, Oct 2026 Series A. Not yet at that scale. See also LOOP; GNP.

masterbatch n. Graphene pre-dispersed in a carrier so a plant need not handle dry powder. See also GNP.

MATBG n. Magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene. See also MATTG; TDBG; magic angle.

MATTG n. Magic-angle twisted trilayer graphene. See also MATBG; Pauli limit. Here [[timeline/2021]].

mechanical cleavage n. The 2004 Manchester peel (“Scotch tape”). See also CVD; LPE.

MINIGRAPH n. EIC project (INBRAIN, Nanoflex Robotics, ETH Zürich) on magnetically steered ultra-thin graphene neural probes. 7 Oct 2026 completion press: bench and large animal, not a human implant report. See also INBRAIN; gSGFET. Here [[posts/gsgfet-stroke-csd-2026]].

Mermin–Wagner n. Theorem often mis-used to say free-standing 2D crystals cannot exist. Here [[timeline/1963-2003]].

moiré n. Interference lattice from a twist or a lattice mismatch. See also magic angle; hBN.

monolayer n. One atomic sheet. See also FLG; GNP; graphene.

N

NCT03659864 n. Controlled GO inhalation study (Andrews 2024). Here [[topics/health/form-route]].

NCT06368310 n. INBRAIN first-in-human cortical interface. Here [[topics/medical/biomechanical]].

NSPP n. Non-thermal atmospheric nanosecond pulsed plasma. Texas A&M / LTEOIL route that grows graphene oxide at a methane–water interface. See also GO; CVD; Hummers. Here [[posts/nspp-plasma-water-go]].

NEEQ n. China over-the-counter board. Sixth Element 831190; 2D Carbon 833608. See also AIM; ASX. Here [[topics/finance/listings]].

NIOSH n. U.S. workplace-sampling body. See also band; PEL. Here [[topics/health/effects]].

P

Pauli limit n. Conventional cap on in-plane field for spin-singlet superconductivity. A 2021 MATTG report exceeds it. See also MATTG. Here [[timeline/2021]].

PEL n. OSHA permissible exposure limit. The 10 µg/m³ figure on this site is a band, not a PEL. See also band.

Peltyr n. Vector Companies printed heat-flux sensor line launched Sep 2026 using First Graphene PureGRAPH. Thirty-six-month partner agreement; purchase orders are separate. See also PureGRAPH.

Preliminary adj. Evidence label: preprint, company lab, pilot, or company-stated tonnes. See also Well-supported; Unverified.

prepreg n. Fibre already infused with partially cured resin, then laid and cured. Graphene loading is into the resin, not a new fibre. See also PureGRAPH; GNP.

PureGRAPH n. First Graphene nanoplatelet mark. See also G+; GrapheneBlack; Peltyr. Here [[topics/manufacturing/first-graphene-henderson]].

Q

quantum orbital flexoelectricity n. Polarization from sub-nanometer curvature in graphene nanowrinkles that asymmetrically perturbs π orbitals. Iyengar et al., Advanced Materials 2026: P_th ≈ 4 C m⁻², P_exp ≈ 1 C m⁻² (5–7 orders above mesoscale flexoelectricity). Apex sharpness dominates over height. See also graphene. Here [[posts/quantum-orbital-flexoelectricity-graphene-2026]].

R

remote moiré modulation n. Electrostatic transmission of a moiré pattern’s influence to a spatially separated graphene layer without direct electron hopping. Kim et al., ACS Nano (online 1 Oct 2026). See also moiré; hBN.

rGO n. Reduced graphene oxide. See also GO.

REACH n. EU chemical-registration regime.

R2R CVD n. Roll-to-roll film growth. See also CVD. Here [[topics/manufacturing/charmgraphene]].

S

SETTF n. Haydale Super-Efficient Thermal Transfer Fluid. Partner-test language; Preliminary. See also JustHeat. Here [[topics/industry/haydale-settf]].

Sharjah Graphene Park n. Dana Gas–Levidian manufacturing site in Sharjah. First LOOP 20 commissioned 7 Oct 2026; company states >1 t/yr, next units aimed at >10 t/yr. See also LOOP.

SiC epitaxy n. Heat silicon carbide until silicon leaves and carbon reorders. Van Bommel 1975. See also CVD. Here [[timeline/1963-2003]].

SPP n. Share purchase plan. See also entitlement. Here [[topics/finance/raises-2015-2025]].

superfluid stiffness n. How easily Cooper pairs carry current; 2025 MATBG measurement. See also MATBG. Here [[timeline/2025]].

T

10C n. Charge in about six minutes. GMG cell talk. Here [[topics/industry/2026-09-09-gmg-battery-cycling]].

TDBG n. Twisted double bilayer graphene. See also MATBG; MATTG. Here [[timeline/2023]].

THERMAL-XR n. GMG graphene-enhanced HVAC-coil coating. Here [[topics/industry/thermal-xr]].

TMDC n. Transition-metal dichalcogenide (MoS₂, WSe₂, …). See also hBN; WSe₂ proximity.

twistronics n. Device physics from a controlled twist. See also magic angle; moiré. Here [[timeline/2018]].

U

Unverified adj. Evidence label: no solid primary. Not automatically Fringe. See also Fringe; Preliminary. Here [[logs/unsourced]].

W

Wallace n. P. R. Wallace; 1947 graphite bands. Here [[timeline/1947]].

Well-supported adj. Evidence label: paper, regulator text, or confirmed order. See also Preliminary.

WSe₂ proximity n. A dichalcogenide layer next to graphene that can stabilize or boost superconductivity in named 2023 papers. See also TMDC; TDBG. Here [[timeline/2023]].

Z

ZenGUARD n. Zentek coating on filter media and PPE. Here [[topics/industry/zenguard]].

ZGNR n. Zigzag-edge graphene nanoribbon. Ruffieux/Cai 2016. Here [[timeline/2016]].